Also: salinity gradient power, reverse electrodialysis, pressure retarded osmosis
Electricity from mixing fresh and salt water, for example where rivers meet the sea.
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Logan and Elimelech reviewed membrane-based processes for generating power from water, including salinity gradients.
As reported in: Logan, Elimelech (2012). Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature11477
Abstract only
Feng and colleagues used nanopores in single-layer molybdenum disulfide as nanoscale power generators driven by salt gradients.
As reported in: Feng, Graf, Liu et al. (2016). Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature18593